Psychology unit 3

 Part 9

             Memory

It is regarded as the special ability of our mind to conserve or store what has been previously learned or experienced to recollect or reproduce it after sometime. Memory is  a complex process , which involves learning , retention , recall and recognition.

Definition

Memory consists in remembering what has previously been learned.

                           Woodworth and marquis

                                          1948

The power that we have to store on experiences, and to bring them into the field of consciousness something after experiences have occurred, is termed  memory.

                                      Rayburn 1956

Types of memory………

1. Immediate memory or  sensory

2. Short - term memory

3. Long - term memory

Immediate or sensory memory

It is that memory , which helps an individual to recall something in a split second after having perceived it. Immediate memory is needed , when we want to remember things for a short time then forget it , which help us to learn a thing immediately with speed and accuracy.

Short term memory

It holds a relatively small amount of information, about seven items , for a short period time 20 to 30 second time though not nearly as short-lived as immediately memory.

Long term memory

It has the unlimited capacity to store information , about  store information for days , months , years and even a lifetime.

Nature of memory

Following are the fundamental characteristics of memory process……

1. Memory involves input - registering the information.

2. Storage - it is either temporary or permanent.

3. Output - it involves retrieval.

Other factors involved in memory process are…

* Learning or registration

* Retention

* Recall 

* Recognition

Psychology unit 3

 Part 7

Theories of learning

1. Trial and error theory of learning

This theory was propagated by Edward Lee Thorndike, according to this theory; learning is nothing but the stamping in the correct responses and stamping out of the incorrect responses through trial and error.

Thorndike said that the following components or elements are involved in the process of learning.....

 Drive 

Goal

Barrier

Random attempts to overcome the barriers.

Selection of the correct responses.

Fixation of the correct responses.

Based on this theory, thorndike put forward the following laws of learning.....

1. The law of readiness

2. The law of exercise or practice

3. The law of multiple responses

4. The law of attitude

5. The law of associative shifting

Educational implication of thorndike theory.......

1. According to this theory , when a child is ready to learn , he learns more quickly and effectively. He warns the child should not be forced to learn when he is not ready and also not to miss any opportunity of providing the right learning experiences , when the child is ready to learn.

2. The task of the teacher is to motivate the students by arousing their attention , interest and curiosity so that they want to learn.

3. The teacher must try to strengthen the connection between the stimuli and responses , through repetition and practice.

4. The child must be provided with learning experience, which gives him a sense of satisfaction. The child must be suitable recorded as relevant to make learning effective.

5. The learner should try to see the similarities and dissimilarities between different kinds of responses to stimuli and by comparison, and try to apply I the learning from one situation to the the problem before arriving the correct one.

6. The learners should be encouraged to perform his task independently , he must try various solution to the the problem before arriving the correct one.

2. Theory of classical conditioning

Theory of classical conditioning was proposed by Ivan Pavlov , a Russian physiologist . Pavlov while studying the physiology of digestion , found that behaviour can be classical conditioned.

Classical conditioning

A type of learning, in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally bring about that response.

Neutral stimulus

Stimulus that before conditioning does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

Unconditioned stimulus

Response that is natural and needs no training.

Conditioned stimulus

A neutral stimulus that has been paired with  an unconditional stimulus ( UCS ) to bring about a response only by unconditional stimulus.

Conditioned response

A response that , after conditioning , a previously , neutral stimulus.

Extension

The decrease in frequency and eventual disappearance , of previously conditioned response ; one of the basic phenomena of learning.

Spontaneous recovery

The re - emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.

Pavlov theory has also been called type S conditioning to give the importance of stimulus. The theory of conditions as advocate by Pavlov, considers learning as habit formation and it is a stimulus - response learning  , where in place of a natural stimulus like food , water , sexual contact , is etc…@ and artificial stimulus like the sound of the well , sight of the light of a definite colour , etc… Can evoke a response when both the artificial  stimulus and natural stimulus are brought together several times , the learner  becomes conditioned to response to the situation.

Educational implication of classical conditioning theory

* Fear , love or hater towards a particular subject is created through conditioning.

* On the other hand , intresting and effective methodology in teaching along with sympathetic treatment can have a desirable impact on the students through the process of conditioning.

* The theory of classical conditioning emphasizes that the students should be exposed to positive stimuli in order to develop desirable habits ,  interests and attitudes in them.

* Condition can also be used to remove  unhealthy attitudes , superstitions , attitudes and fears from the mind of the students by exposing them to positive stimuli.

Nutrition

 Part 2

 Relationship of Nutrition with Health and Nursing  

Nutrition and health

Adequate nutrition is the foundation of good health. Good nutrient is considered as a basic components of health. Nutrients effect human health from birth to death. If we want to make a people healthy , nutritional need of the vulnerable groups such as infants , children pregnant and lactating women and elderly must be met. Promotion of breastfeeding and appropriate weaning practice contribute to normal growth and development. The relation of nutrition to health may be seen from the following view point.

Growth and Development

Good nutrition is essential for attainment of normal growth and development during fetal life and childhood. Physical growth and intellectual development, learning and behaviour all are affected by malnutrition. Adequate nutrition is also needed in adult life for the maintenance of optimum health and efficiency. Elder people needs special nutrition due to their chronological changes. Pregnant and lactating mother requires more proteins, calories and some others nutrients to prevent abortion, growth retardation and low birth weight babies.

Nutritional deficiency diseases

Malnutrition is directly responsible for the certain specific nutritional deficiency diseases. The commonly reported other ones in India are protein energy malnutrition , blindness , goitre , anemia , beri-beri and rickets , etc. There are increased incidence of abortion , prematurity , stillbirth and low birth weight in malnourished mother. So good nutrition is the essential for prevention of specific nutritional deficiency diseases promotion of Health and treatment of deficiency diseases.

Resistance of infection

Nutrition rich in protein , vitamins and minerals prevents infection like tuberculosis. Infection in turn may aggravates by affecting the food intake, absorption and the metabolism of nutrients. So we need well balanced diet throught life to protect ourselves from such  opportunistic infection. Good nutrition also enhances wound healing in the patient with different type of surgical operations.

 Mortality And Morbidity

Malnutrition contribute a lot of general death rate , infant mortality rates , stillbirth and premature deliveries.  Prematurity is the main cause of infant death . Servers malnutrition in mothers during first trimester of pregnancy may cause fetal malformation. On the other hand over nutrition which is another type of malnutrition responsible for obesity, hypertension , cardiovascular and renal diseases , liver disorder and gallbladder diseases.

To reduce the incidence of nutritional deficiency diseases, our government has launched several nutritional programmes.

e.g 

Mid - day school meal, Integrated Child Development Scheme, anaemia Control programme and iodine deficiency disorder Control programme, etc.

 

Nutrition

 Part 1

                               Unit 1

Introduction to Nutrition

Food is the basic necessity of life. Life cannot be sustained without adequate nourishment. We need food for growth and development. Healthy food choices are vital to preventing illness. Particularly chronic illness such as diabetes and heart diseases. Proper  nutrition is not only important for preventing disease , it is also crucial to the recovery process of any disease.

Nutrition

Nutrition is the process by which food is used by the body to produce energy and heat , maintain body function and the structure and promote growth.

Process of Nutrition

1. The process of Nutrition begins with the eating food.

2. The food swallowed is then digested as it is passed through the stomach and small intestine.

3. During digestion the food is broken up into the simple substances.

4. These are absorbed into blood stream and carried out to the liver.

5. Where they are either stored or changed further or sent out to other part of the body for use as required.

Function of food

* Food supplies heat and energy for work and play

* It supplies material for growth and repair of body.

* It supplies material for regulation or control of the body process and for protection of body.

Elements of Nutrition

Food contains organic and inorganic complex is known as element of nutrients. These are also called nutrient for food factors. There  are 50 different elements or nutrients including water which are normally supplied by the food we eat. Each element has a specific function in the body. Most natural food contains more than one nutrient element. They are needed to build and maintain body cells , regulate body process and supply energy.

These elements are classified into two groups____

Macronutrients :- these are protein , fats and carbohydrates.

Micronutrients :- these group includes vitamins and minerals.

 

About my college

NOVA INSTITUTE Of NURSING And PARAMEDICAL SCIENCE

Hey everyone, this is Pooja Rauniyar 

I am a student of bsc nursing 1st year....

Today's I am going to talk about my college , Nova college... Located in STP Rd, Behind Ganpati Vihar Colony, Khargapur, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226010 

Before taking admission in this college you have to know about the college....

Affiliated by atal Bihari Vajpayee University, Lucknow

1. It is the best college.

2. It is an anti ragging college.

3. Teachers are very professional and intelligent.

4.  Their is many courses present in our college such as B.Sc Nursing, GNM, ANM, B.pharma and others paramedical courses.

5. Hospital facilities available

6.  Hostel facilities is also available for girls students.

7.  College campus is very neat and clean.

8. A garden is present in the college.

9. Their is well maintain furniture in every class room.

10. Smart classes is present in this college.

11. Labs are present in our college.

12. All teachers guide the students for their bright future.

13. Their is good water and electricity supply.

14. Mess is available

15. 24*7 watchman is present for security purpose.

Thank you...

#novainstituteofnursingandparamedicalscience

What is grammar

Grammer is an art of writing, reading or speaking correctly of any language. ☝