Blood

 Part 5

                               Luecocytes

Luecocytes are  the largest blood cell.These cells have an important function in depending the body against microbes and other foreign materials. They contain nuclei and some have granule is their cytoplasm.

There are two mains type :--

1. Granulocytes :- The formation granulocytes is called granulopoiesis.

All granulocytes have multi - lobed nuclei in cytoplasm. Their name represent the dye they take up , when stained in laboratory.

2. Agranuclocytes :- no granules

Then easinophills           take red acid dye

Basophills.                     Alkaline methylene                                             blue

Neutrophils.                  Purple because they

                                       take both dyes

 Neutrophils :- There main function is to protect against any foreign material entering in body mainly microbes and to remove waste material.

E.g :- cell debris ( death cell )

They have a diameter of 10-12 micrometre and multilobed nucleus.

They are attached in large number any area of infection and chemical substances.

Released by demanaged cell called chemotoxins.

It is slightly motile and squeeze through capillary was affected area by diapedesis.

There after they engulf and kill microbes by phagocytosis.

Blood

 Part4

# Oxygen transport ( Jb structure and breakdown, of molecules)

Haemoglobin is a large complex protein containing a large complex protein, globular protein ( globin ) and its pigment, iron containing complex called Haem.

Each haemoglobin molecule contain four atom of iron.

As each  atom of iron can combine an oxygen molecules , this means that a single Hb molecules can carry upto four molecules of oxygen. When all four oxygen binding sites on a Hb molecules are full . It is described as saturated Hb binds to oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin .

Haemoglobin + O2 _____ Oxyhemoglobin

Hb + O2 _______ HbO

Blood which is O2 is bright red  because of high level of HbO blood with lower oxygen level is that bluish in colour.

The association of oxygen with Hb is a loose one so that oxyhemoglobin release it's O2 readily, specially under certain conditions such as ____

Low pH

Low O2 level

Temperature

# Control of erythropoiesis

The number of blood cells remain constant, which they destroy. The primary stimulus to increased erythropoiesis is Hypoxia i.e is deficient O2 supply to blood cells.

This occurs when ______

 The O2 carrying capacity of blood is reduced by example:- Haemorrhage or excessive Erythrocytes breakdown ( Haemolysis ) .

 Hypoxia increases Erythrocytes formation by stimulating the product of the hormone Erythropoietin mainly by the kidneys.

 

Erythropoietin stimulates an increase in the production of proerythroblast and the release of increased number of reticulocytes into the blood. This increases the O2 carrying capacity of blood and reverse tissues hypoxia.

# Destruct of Erythrocytes or RBC 

 The life span Erythrocytes is about 120 days and their breakdown or Haemolysis is carried out by phagocytic reticuloendothelial cells, these cells are found in many tissues by the main sites of Haemolysis are the spleen  (graveyard of RBC ) , bone marrow and liver.

As Erythrocytes ages their cell membrane become susceptible to Haemolysis is retained in the body and reused in the bone marrow to form new Hb molecules.

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Blood

 Part 3

Cellular Content of Blood

There are three types of blood cells__

1. Erthrocytes or red blood cells ( RBC )

2. Leucocytes or white blood cells ( WBC )

3. Thrombocytes or Platelets

@ All blood cells originates from pluripotent stem cell and go through several development stages, byere entering the blood.

@ The process of blood  cell formation is called haemopoeisis and takes place  within red bone marrow. Haemopoeisis in the skeletons is confined to flat bone irregular bones and the ends of long bones, the main sites are skull,ribs, sternum and pelvis. Lymphocytes are produced in lymphoid tissues.

# Erythrocytes or RBC

These are circular , by concave and non- nucleated disc. They have no nucleus and their diameter is about 7micro meter . There main function is in gas transport mainly of oxygen but they also carry some carbon dioxide.

              The by concavity increases their surface area for gas exchange, and the thinest of the central portion allows fast and exist of gases.

#  Life Span and function of Erythrocytes (RBC)

Erythrocytes are present in red bone marrow which is present in the ends of long bones.

$ their life span is about 120 days

$ the process of development of RBC from pluripotent stem cells takes about 7day, and is called erythropoiesis.

$ the immature cells are released in the blood stream as reticulocytes and then mature into erythrocytes during this time they looses their nuclease and therefore become incapable of division.

$ Both vitamin B12 and frolic acid are required for red blood synthesis.

 

Blood

 Part 2

Plasma Protein :- It make about 7% of plasma and they are normally retained in the blood because they are too big, too escape through the capillary pores into the tissues. They are responsible for creating the osmotic pressure of blood. Normal osmotic pressure is 25mm of Hg which keeps plasma fluid within the circulation.

Plasma viscosity is due to plasma protein mainly albumin, globulin and fibrinogen.

Albumin:- These are formed in the liver. There main function is to maintain normal plasma osmotic pressure. Albumin also act as carrier molecules for lipid and hormones.

Globulin:-  It is formed in liver and they remains in lymphoid tissues. There function are ---

# As antibodies

# Transportation

# Inhibition of proteolytic enzymes

Clotting factor:- These are substances essential for coagulation of blood. Serum is plasma from which clotting factors  have been removed. Fibrinogen is a synthesized in the liver and is essential for blood coagulation.

Inorganic salts:- These are involved in wide variety of activities including muscles contraction, transmission of nerve impulses, formation of secretion and maintenance of acid-base balance. The pH of blood is 7.35 to 7.45

Nutrients:-  In the alimentary tract food is broken down into small molecules, e.g., monosaccharide, amino acid, mineral salts they are required by all body cells to provide energy, heat , materials for repair and replacement and for the synthesis of other blood components and body secretion.

Waste Products:- Urea creatinine, uric acid are the waste products of protein metabolism. They are formed in the liver and conveyed in blood to the kidneys call for excretion.

Hormones:- These are substances synthesized by endocrine glands. Hormones pass directly from the endocrine cells into the blood which transports them to their target cells.

Gases:- oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen are transported .O2 and CO2 are also transporter in combination with haemoglobin in blood cells. Nitrogen is present in plasma but it has no physiological function .

physiology Unit 5 blood

 Unit 5                                                       Part 1

                                     Blood

Circulatory System (blood formation, composition , blood group, blood coagulation )

Circulatory and Lymphatic System

The circulatory system- blood :- blood is a fluid connective  tissue. It circulates continually arround the body. It provides one of the means of communication between the cells of different parts of the body and external environment. Blood is composed of a clear,straw coloured , watery fluid called plasma in which different types of blood cells are suspended.

Composition and formation of blood

Physical properties of blood

# Amount:   blood constitutes about 7to9% of total body weight.

# Colour: Red colour due to presence of haemoglobin (red pigment) 

# Viscosity:3.5to5.4 it is thicker, heavier and viscous than water.

# Ph: It is slightly alkaline. It's ph between 7.35 to 7.45 

# Temperature: temperature of blood is about 38° (100.4°F)

Composition of blood

Plasma normally constitutes about 55% cell, about 45% blood volume.

Plasma:- The constitutes of plasma are water and dissolved substance including----

# Plasma protein

# In organic salt

#  Nutrients

#  Waste materials

#  Hormones

# Gases