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Psychology unit 2

 Part 3

                   RIGHT and LEFT HEMISPHERE

# Cerebral cortex is responsible for many higher order function like language and information processing. The cerebral cortex is divided into sensory, motor and association areas.

# Sensory area receives input and motor area control movement of muscles.

# Association area is involved with more complex functions such as writing.

# The occipital lobe is the visual processing area of the brain.

# The outermost part of the brain is a thick piece of nervous system tissues, is divided into two hemispheres, left and right connected by a thick layer of a cells called the corpus callosum.

ASSOCIATION CORTEX

# It deals with more complex, integrative functions such as memory, emotions, reasoning , will, judgement, personality traits and intelligence.

The association areas are:----

# Somatosensory association areas permits to determine, the exact shape and texture of an object without looking at it.

# Visual association areas relates present to past , visual experience with recognition and evaluation of what is seen.

# Auditory association areas determines if a sound is a speech, music or noise.

Psychology of sensation

Sense organ are gateways of knowledge without the vision touch, hearing, smell and taste. We shall know nothing of external world. By virtue of send organs alone do we know the world arround us.

Sense organ consists of the receptors , specialised sensitive cells are associated with the ending of sensory nerve fibres and various accessory apparatus and tissues which contribute to the effectiveness with which sense organ function.

Muscular control of behaviour

Our behaviour involves action of different parts of your body . Our muscles are responsible for the bodily movement internal and external 

The muscles control is the lost when the nerve  centres or fibres are injured or diseased with exercises the muscles become fatigued . In fatigue, the muscles loose contractibility . By the rest their strength and  capacity are restored.

 Muscle stone means , the redness of the muscles to contract. It ensure smooth and ready responses . It is the tone of muscles to contract. Patients are likely to have defective muscles bone which causes difficulties  in digestion of food , elimination of waste, resting and relaxation. This should be appreciated by the nurses.

The Glandular Control of behaviour

There are two major system for sending to the body muscles, glands and organs . One is the nervous system and the other is the endocrine system. The endocrine system is made of numerous gland that are located throughout the body . These glands secrete various chemicals called hormones which affect organs, muscles and other glands in the body. The hypothalamus, which is located in the lower middle part of the brain, controls  much of the endocrine system  by regulating the pituitary gland which is located directly below and outside the brain.

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Psychology unit 2

 Part 2

             NEURAL IMPULSE

Neurons are the receivers and transmitters of message. These message are always in the form of electrochemical impulse.

Enlargements of the axon endings of transmitting neurons called boutons, contain neurotransmitter chemicals, which are stored in small vesicles.

With the help of the release of the release of a neurotransmitter into the synapse, one neuron is capable of sending it's message on to many other neurons.

Synapse

The junction between two neurons is called synapse. The small space between the axon terminals of one neuron and the cell body or dendrites of another is called the synaptic cleft. Neuron conducting impulses towards the synapse are called presynaptic neurons and those conducting impulse away are called postsynaptic neurons.

Nervous system

It is the master controlling, communicating and regulatory system in the body . Nervous system controls and coordinates all mental activity including thought, learning and memory.

Psychology unit 2

 Part 1

Unit - 2

             

              Biology of Behaviour

Body mind relationship

Behaviour that is elicited by a stimulus is known as response. Behaviour has cognitive, affective and conative components. The process or results of the unification of these components into a whole is called integrated response.

In psychology we study about human behaviour both body and mind. Body is represented by the physical states and bodily functions. Mental like strong feelings, emotions, attitude, motives, thinking,etc. Relationship between body and mind effect in health and illness. By knowing about the relationship between body and mind nurse should understand the patients physical and psychological problems. So nurse should try to understand patients feeling and she can achieve her goal easily.

Genetic behaviour

Heredity

It refers to the biological process of transmission of characteristic from parents to their children through genes.

The life cycle of an individual being with the fusion of sperm and ovum . The origin of human life can be traced to a single cell called zygote is produced. The genes , which are carries of distinctive traits are present both in the sperm and ovum.

Environment

The child inherits the traits and characteristics of his parents and forefathers through genes at the time of conception is all due to heredity. Environment is most important factors of human life and behaviour. If the mother is pregnant then everyone should try to give her a better and healthy environment because it affects both the mother and child. Environment play an important role in human life not only duration of pregnancy it also important after the delivery. Child learn everything from the environment.

Interaction between heredity and environment

Each individual enters in the world with certain heredity characteristic  transmitted to him through his parents . He grows up to him through his parents.He grows up in a certain environment with it's human, social and materials surroundings. Everything he does as a child or adult results from the complex interaction between heredity and environment.

Brain and Behaviour

1) The entire behaviour is effectively managed and controlled by the co-ordination and functioning of the nervous system.

2) The proper development of nervous tissue and nervous system helps in proper development of intellectual thinking.

3) The nervous system is composed of organs, particularly the brain, spinal cord, nervous and ganglia.

Anatomy unit 1

 Part 4

                          CELL

Cell is the smallest functional unit of the body.

Cell are two types_______

Eukaryotic :- It contains nucleus.

Prokaryotic :- It do not contain nucleus.

Group of cell makes tissues; group of tissues make organs; group of organ make organ systems.

Structure and function of cell

Human body develop in a single unit called zygote, which forms by the fusion of female ovum and male sperm.

Ovum + sperm = zygote

Cell multiply and forms the fetus.

Cell is too small to be not seen with naked eyes.

Cell contain of plasma membrane, inside which their are numbers of organelles, floating in watery fluids are called cytosol or cytoplasm.

Organelles are small structure with highly specialised functions.

Cell contains

1. Plasma membrane

The cell membrane is protective sheath envelope the cell body. It separates the fluid outside the cell called extra cellular and the fluid inside the cell called intracellular fluids.

It consists of two layers of protein and phospholipids, some protein molecules embadded in them.

Function

It provides protection.

It is selective permeable

It absorbs nutrients.

It excreted wast materials.

Exchange of gases

2. Cytoplasm

It is the fluid present inside the cell. It contains a clear liquid called cytosol, which contains various substance such as protein, carbohydrates, lipids and electrolytes.

3. Nucleus

* The cells with nucleus are called eukaryotes and those cells without nucleus are called prokaryotes.

* Except mature Erythrocytes (RBC) , every cell in the body has a nucleus but Skeleton muscles have several nucleus.

* It consists of two membranes outer and inner.

Nucleus consists of four components___

# Nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope

# Nucleoplasm

# Nucleolus

# Chromatin

4. Mitochondria

It is spherical shaped organelles situated in the cytoplasm. They are called the" power house" of the cell because energy ( ATP adenosine triphosphate) is created here. It is main energy source of the cell consist of inner and outer membrane.

5. Ribosomes

Ribosomes is found in all cell of prokaryotic and eukaryotic. They are not membrane bounded.  It is tiny granules composed of r-RNA and r- Protein.

Function

The main function of ribosome is protein synthesis with the help of ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) , messenger RNA (m- RNA) and transfer RNA (t-RNA)

6. Endoplasmic reticulum

It is  present in almost all eukaryotic cells. It made up of protein and lipids. It is absent in RBC or spermatozoa.

It is of two types_____

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

* It is an arrangement of tubules and vesicles.

* The size and structure of the SER varies between the cells.

* There are no ribosomes attached to the membrane surface, giving it a smooth appearance.

Function

* It is responsible for synthesis of essential lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol.

* It is also responsible for production and secretion of steroids of hormones,sex hormones.

* It stores and release calcium ions. These are quite important for the nervous system and muscular system.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes are present in outer surface of the endoplasmic reticulum, giving it a rough appearance.

It is also called granular endoplasmic reticulum.

Function

It provides site for protein synthesis due to presence of ribosomes.

7. Golgi apparatus

* It is also known as Golgi body, Golgi complex,Golgi .

* It is made up of protein, lipids and several stack of parallel, flattened sac called cisternae. Found in cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells and absent in prokaryotic, RBCs and sperm cells.

* It has the two poles are cis and trans face responsible for receiving and shipping departments.

* An outer ends of golgi complex, newly modified protein arrives at the trans face of golgi network where it is send off to different parts of the cell via transport vesicles.

Function

It is responsible for______

# Transportation

# Modification

# Packaging

8. Lysosomes

* Lysosome is membrane bound organelle.

* It is spherical sac like structure.

* It is filled with digestive enzymes ( hydrolytic enzymes).

* Enzyme is made up of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.

* It helps to clean up digestive foreign material ( bacteria or virus, food,etc).

* It is also known as sucidal bag of the body or recycling machine.

9. Microfilament

* It is thinest form of cytoskeleton.

* It has thread like structure made up of actin protein.

* It helps in muscles contraction.

* It provides structural support, maintain the characteristic shape of the cell.

10. Microtubules

* It is thickest form of cytoskeleton.

* It has tube like hollow structure made up of tubulin protein.

* It helps in movement of material within the cell.

* Microtubules form spindle fibres.

* They form centriole, cillia and flagella.

* It gives shape and support to cell.

 Intermediate filaments

* They have great tensile strength.

* It is made up of kerotin protein.

* It is smaller than microtubules but larger than microfilament.

* It provides mechanical support for the plasma membrane where it comes in contact with other cells or with the extra cellular matrix.

Note:- microtubules, microfilament and intermediate filaments commonly called  cytoskeleton. 

Health unit 1

 Part 13

                                 ELEMENTS

1) Intensive care or critical care

Patients who require close monitoring and intensive care.

E.g patient with myocardial infection, burns, renal transplant.

2) Immediate care

Critically ill patients are shifted to immediate care where vital signs are taken.

E.g. Cardiac care wards

3) long term care

These care are assigned to patients with chronic illness.

Nurses help patients by providing therapy like physical and occupational therapy.

4) home care

Home care for those who do not need hospitalization.

5) Ambulatory care

Patients visit hospital for follow up, rehabilitation and preventive services.

6) Convalescent and self care

Patients in these areas active participate to acheive  complete self care status.

Advantages

Patient receives specialized care.

Nursing personnel can make use of special skills.

Continuity care maintained

Disadvantages

There may be discomfort to client or patients.

Greater emphasis on written care plan.

Primary Nursing

It is good for long term care, rehabilitation units.

It is a system in which nurse is responsible for total care of number of client is 24 hours a day.

Advantages 

There is an opportunity to see the client and family one system.

Nurse use wide range of skills, knowledge.

Primary nurse is first line manager.

Disadvantages

More nurses are required for this method.

More expensive than other method.

Nurses may find difficulty in following plans made up by other nursing staff.

Primary Nursing care system is good for long term care, clinic.

Primary health care ( P.H.C )

It is assential health care based on practical, socially acceptable method made universally accessible to individuals.

Definition

"PHC is essential health care made universally accessible to individuals to them through their full participation and at a cost of community and country can afford."

Basic Requirements (7A's and 3C's )

1. Appropriate

2. Availability

3. Adequacy

4. Accessibility

5. Acceptability

6. Affordability

7. Accountability

1. Completeness

2. Contenuity

3. Comprehensive

Function

Medical care

MCH including family planning

Safe water supply

Prevention and control from endemic disease

Health education

Collection and reporting of vital statistics

Refferal of health workers local dias

Principles of PHC

1. Equitable distribution

PHC must shared equally by all people irrespected of their colour,sex, and religion.

2. Community participation

It needs to participate in the health care so there should be active participation of individuals.

3. Appropriate use of technology

It involves health care there should be proper equipment and their supplies throughout community.

4. Manpower development

Human resources are important factor for success of PHC.

5. Inter sectoral coordination

Health community cannot be improved by only health sectors.

Role of nurse in PHC

Work as a care provider, manager, advocate for clients or patients, coordinator, advisor, team leader, supervisor , etc.