Introduction to anatomical terms

 Anatomy 

Anatomy is a science deals with the structure of the body and relationship of various parts to each other.

Physiology

Physiology is a science that deals with normal functions of the body.It explains how various systems in the body function together normally as a single unit. 

∆A knowledge of the structure is necessary to understand their function.

∆  The subject matter of anatomy include:-

1. Cytology:-the study of cell

2. Histology:-the study of tissue

3. Osteology:- the study of bones 

4. Myology:- the study of muscles

5. Neurology:- study of nervous system

6. Orthology:- the study of joints

The subject matter physiology includes the study of various system like :-

# Cardiovascular system

# Central nervous system

# Digestive system

# Excretory system

# Reproductive system

# Respiratory system

# Muscular system

# Skeleton system

# Lymphatic system

# Endocrine system

There are few important terms which are used to describe the human body.....

Median:- the central plane which divides  the body into two parts i.e right and left.

Medial line:- nearer to the median line.

Lateral:- away from the medial line.

Superior:- nearer to the head.

Interior:- nearer to the foot.

Anterior:-  nearer to the front surface of the body.

Posterior:-  nearer to the back surface of the body.

Proximal:- nearer to the origin of the structure.

Distal:- away to the origin of the structure.

Superficial:- nearer to the skin surface.

Deep :-  deeper from the skin surface.

Movements of Joints 

Elevation:- raising or moving a body parts towards  

cephalic end is termed as elevation.

Depression:- Lowering or moving a body part caudaly is termed as depression.

Protrusion:- It is the forward movement of a body part.

Retraction:- It is the backward movement from the protrusion.

Pronation:-  It is the medical rotation of forearm so that the palm comes to face backward.

Supination:-It is the lateral rotation of forearm so that the palm comes to face anteriorly(forward).

Inversion of foot:- It is the movement that causes the plantar surface of the foot to face inward and downward.

Eversion of foot:- It is the movement that causes the plantar surface of the foot to face laterally and downward.

Flexion:-A movement where similar surface come nearer to each other. This reduces the angle between two bones.

Extension:- A movement where similar surfaces go apart. It is the opposite of flexion. Then angles between two bones is increase.

Rotation :-  A movement around a central axis involving 360 ° angle.

Abduction:- A movement of the bone away from the mid line.

Addiction:-  A movement of the bone towards the mid line.

Circumduction:-  This is the movement of a distal end of a body in a circle.